pride of place

ἵζω, imper. ἵζε (not ἷζε) Od.24.394, E.Hec. 145 (anap.): [tense] impf.

A

ἷζον Il.20.15

, E.Alc. 946, [dialect] Ion.

ἵζεσκον Od.3.409

: [tense] aor.

εἷσα Il.23.359

, Hdt. 3.61, IG3.701, Hymn.Is.5, etc.; imper.

εἷσον Od.7.163

codd.; part.

ἕσας 10.361

, Cyren. acc. ἕσσαντα (v. infr.); inf.

ἕσσαι Pi.P.4.273

(the only tenses in Hom.): [tense] aor.

ἵζησα D.C.50.2

, 58.5, etc.: [tense] pf. ἵζηκα ([etym.] ἐν-) Gal.2.691, 15.452, ([etym.] συν-) Philostr.Im.2.20:—[voice] Med., v. infr. 1 and 111, and cf. ἕζομαι.—Mostly in Poets and late Prose, the [dialect] Att. Prose form being καθίζω: (Redupl. si-sd-ō, [tense] aor. (augmented) e-sed-s-, cf. ἕζομαι, ἑδος):

I causal, make to sit, seat, place, set,

μή μ' ἐς θρόνον ἵζε Il.24.553

, cf. Hdt.3.61;

βουλὴν ἷζε Il.2.53

;

ἵζει μάντιν ἐν θρόνοις A.Eu.18

; ὅς μ' ἐπὶ βουσὶν εἷσ' set me over the oxen, Od.20.210; σκοπὸν εἷσε set as a spy, Il.23.359; λόχον εἷσαν laid an ambush, 4.392; εἷσεν δὲ (v.l. δ' ἐν) Σχερίῃ settled [them] in Scheria, Od.6.8, cf. Il.2.549;

ἐπὶ χώρας ἕσσαι Pi.P.

l.c.;

ἐπὶ τὸ δεῖπνον ἵζειν τοὺς βασιλέας Hdt.6.57

; ἕσσαντα ἐπὶ τῷ ὠδῷ having caused (the suppliant) to sit on the threshold, Berl.Sitzb.1927.170 ([place name] Cyrene): rare in Trag., σὺ γάρ νιν εἰς τόδ' εἷσας αὔχημ ' for thou didst throne her in this pride, S.OC 713 (lyr.).

2 later in [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med. εἱσάμην, [ per.] 3sg.

εἵσατο IG12(5).615

(Iulis, v B.C., written εσατο), 2.1298.4 (ii B.C.), 1336.1 (ii B.C.):— set up and dedicate temples, statues, etc. in honour of gods, Thgn.12, Hdt.1.66;

τέμενος ἕσσαντο Pi.P.4.204

;

ἕσσατο βωμόν Id.Oxy.408.37

: [dialect] Dor. [ per.] 3sg.

hίσατο IG9(1).704

(Corc., vi B.C.), ἵσσατο ib.4.569 ([place name] Argos); [ per.] 3pl. [

ἥ]σσαντο BCH33.171

(ibid., iii B.C.); part.

ἑσσάμενος IG4.840.7

, 841.23 (Calauria, iii B.C.): [dialect] Att. part. prob. ἑσάμενος, θυσίας τὰς πατρίους τῶν ἑσαμένων (ἑσς-, ἐσς-, εἰς- codd.)..

ἀφαιρήσεσθε Th.3.58

; later

εἱσάμενος IG22.1364

(i A.D.), Plu.Them. 22, Thes.17, Pyrrh.1, Luc.Syr.D.1, also Hdt.1.66 codd.: late [tense] fut.

εἵσομαι ἱερόν A.R.2.807

.

II intr., sit, sit down, Il.2.96, 792, etc.; ἷζε ἐν μέσσοισι he sat in the midst, 20.15;

ἵζειν ἐς θρόνον Od.8.469

, Hdt.5.25;

ἐς θᾶκον S.Ant. 1000

;

ἐπὶ θρόνου Il.18.422

, cf. Od.17.339; ἐπὶ [λίθοισιν] 3.409;

ἐπ' ἄκριας ἠνεμοέσσας 16.365

; ἐπὶ κώπην, of rowers, Ar.Ra. 199;

ἐπὶ κώπᾳ πηδαλίῳ τε E.Alc. 441

(lyr.);

ἐπὶ τοὺς νεώς Epicr.3.12

;

νέφεσσι.. Ὀλύμποιο.. ἵζων Ζεύς Pi.Pae.6.93

: c. acc. loci,

ἵζειν θρόνον A.Ag. 982

(lyr.);

βωμόν E. Ion 1314

: c. acc. cogn.,

ἵ. κλωπικὰς ἕδρας Id.Rh. 512

.

2 sit still, be quiet, h.Merc.457 (dub.).

3 metaph., sink, εἰς ὀχετὸν ἄτας ἵζοισαν πόλιν sink into.., Pi.O.10(11).38;

εἰς ἑτέραν ἵζει ἕδραν Pl.Ti. 53a

.

III [voice] Med. in signf. 11, sit,

πάροιθ'.. ἵζευ ἐμεῖο Il.3.162

;

Διὸς.. ποτὶ βωμὸν ἑρκείου ἵζοιτο Od.22.335

;

ἱσσάμενος ἐπὶ τῷ δαμοσίῳ ἱαρῷ Berl.Sitzb.1927.169

([place name] Cyrene); late [tense] fut.

εἵσεται Phylarch.44J.

: [dialect] Dor. [tense] pres. imper.

ἵσδευ

Papers of Amer.Sch.at Athens

3

No. 437 ([place name] Pisidia); lie in ambush,

ἔνθ' ἄρα τοί γ' ἵζοντ' Il.18.522

; freq. of an army, take up a position,

ἵζεσθαι ἀντίοι τινί Hdt.9.26

; ἵζεσθαι ἐν τῷ Τηϋγέτῳ, ἐς τὸ Τηΰγετον, Id.4.145, 146; ἐν τῷ Ἰσθμῷ, ἐς τὸν Ἰσθμόν, Id.8.71; of a fleet, Id.6.5: generally

ἐς ἱρὸν Ἀφροδίτης Id.1.199

;

ἐς τὰ πρόθυρα Id.3.140

; in Trag.,

ἐν ἁγνῷ ἵζεσθε A.Supp. 224

;

ἐς θρόνους E. Ion 1618

: c. acc.,

ἵζεσθαι κρήνας Id.IA 141

(lyr.).

2 of things, settle down, subside,

ἡ νῆσος ἱζομένη Pl.Ti. 25c

.

ἀείρω, [dialect] Ep., [dialect] Ion., and poet.; [full] αἴρω (once in Hom., v. infr.), [dialect] Att. and Trag. (exc. A. Th. 759, Pers. 660, both lyr.); [dialect] Aeol. [full] ἀέρρω, Alc.78: [tense] impf. ἤειρον ([etym.] συν-) Il.10.499, Hdt.2.125, [dialect] Ep.

A

ἄειρον Il.19.386

, [dialect] Att. and Trag. ᾖρον: [tense] fut. ἀρῶ [ᾱ], [var] contr. for ἀερῶ (which is not found), A. Pers. 795, E.Heracl. 322, Tr. 1148, prob. in Luc. Hist.Conscr. 14: [tense] aor. 1 ἤειρα ([etym.] συν-) Il.24.590, ([etym.] παρ-) Archil.94, Herod.9.13, [dialect] Ep.

ἄειρα Il.23.730

; [dialect] Aeol. imper.

ἀέρρατε Sapph.91

; subj.

ἀέρσῃ Panyas.13.13

; part.

ἀείρας S.Ant. 418

; also

ἄηρα IG12(3).449

([place name] Thera);

ἦρα Hdt. 9.59

, A.Ag.47, Th.6.18, etc., [ per.] 3pl.

ἤροσαν LXXJo.3.14

, opt.

ἄραις Herod.5.71

, inf.

ἆραι Call. Cer.35

, part.

ἄρας Th.2.12

, etc., Cret.

ἤραντας GDI5015

(Gort.) [ᾱ- in all moods]: [tense] pf.

ἦρκα D.25.52

, ([etym.] ἀπ-) Th.8.100, [tense] plpf. ἤρκεσαν ([etym.] ἀπ-) D.19.150:—[voice] Med. [full] ἀείρομαι ([etym.] ἀπ-) Il. 21.563, S.Tr. 216 (lyr.); [full] αἴρομαι E.El. 360, Th.4.60: fut ἀροῦμαι [pron. full] [ᾱ] E.Hel. 1597 : [tense] aor. 1 imper.

ἀείραο A.R.4.746

, inf. ἀείρασθαι ([etym.] ἀντ-) Hdt.7.212, part.

- άμενος Il.23.856

, IG4.952.112 (Epid.); also ἠράμην [ᾱ- in all moods] Il.14.510, Od.4.107, E.Heracl. 986, Ar. Ra. 525, Pl.R. 374e, etc., [dialect] Dor.

ἄρατο B.2.5

: [tense] pf.

ἦρμαι S.El.54

:— [voice] Pass., E.Alc. 450 (lyr.), Hp.Mul.2.174: [tense] fut.

ἀρθήσομαι Ar.Ach. 565

: [tense] aor.

ἠέρθην A.R.4.1651

, ([etym.] παρ-) Il.16.341, [dialect] Ep.

ἀέρθην Od.19.540

, [ per.] 3pl.

ἄερθεν Il.8.74

, subj.

ἀερθῶ E.Andr. 848

(lyr.), part.

ἀερθείς Od.8.375

, Pi.N.7.75, A.Ag. 1525 (lyr.), Hp.Mul.1.1, etc.; also

ἤρθην Simon.111

, A.Th. 214 (lyr.), Th.4.42, etc., part.

ἀρθείς Il.13.63

, ([etym.] ἐπ-) Hdt.1.90, etc.: [tense] pf.

ἤερμαι A.R.2.171

: [dialect] Ep. [tense] plpf. [ per.] 3sg. ἄωρτο (for ἤορτο) Il.3.272, Theoc.24.43,

ἔωρτο Hsch.

[ ἀείρω has [pron. full] ᾰ, exc. in late poetry, as Opp. C.1.347.] ( ἀείρω = ἀ-ϝερ-yω, cf.

αὐειρομέναι Alcm.23.63

; αἴρω (oncein Hom., Il.17.724 in part. αἴροντας) may = ϝαρ-ψω for ϝγ[νυλλ ]-ψω from the reduced form of the root, but is more probably an analogical formation arising from the contracted forms. Fut. ἀροῦμαι [pron. full] [ᾰ] and [tense] aor. ἀρόμην, ἤρετο, etc., inf. ἀρέσθαι [pron. full] [ᾰ], belong to ἄρνυμαι, q.v.; ἤρᾰτο may have displaced ἤρετο in Hom, cf. Eust. ad Il.3.373. The sense attach found in compds. συν-, παρ-αείρω is prob. derived from the use v.1.)

I [voice] Act., lift, raise up,

νέκυν Il.17.724

; ὑψόσ' ἀείρας [κυνέην] 10.465;

πίνακας παρέθηκεν ἀείρας Od.1.141

;

Εὐμάστας με ἄηρεν ἀπὸ χθονός IG12(3).449

, inscr. on a stone ([place name] Thera); ἀπὸ γῆς αἴ. Pl.Ti. 90a; ἱστία στεῖλαν ἀείραντες furled by brailing them up, Od.3.11; but ἀ. ἱστία hoist sail, A.R.2.1229;

αἴ. κεραίας D.S. 13.12

;

εὔμαριν ἀ. A.Pers. 660

; κοῦφον αἴ. βῆμα walk lightly, trip, E.Tr. 342; αἴ. σκέλη, of a horse, X.Eq.10.15, cf. Arist.IA 710b20;

ὀρθὸν αἴ. τὸ κάρα A.Ch. 496

;

ὀφθαλμὸν ἄρας S.Tr. 795

; ἄρασα μύξας, of a deer, Id.Fr.89;

ὀφρῦς αἴροντα Diph.85

; αἴ. σημεῖον make a signal, X.Cyr.7.1.23; αἴ. μηχανήν, in the theatre, Antiph.191.15; so

ἐπὶ τὰς μηχανὰς καταφεύγουσι θεοὺς αἴροντες Pl.Cra. 425d

; τεῖχος ἱκανὸν αἴ. Th.1.90, cf. 2.75:—freq. in part., ἄρας ἔπαισε he raised [them] and struck, S.OT 1270;

ἡ βουλὴ ἄρασα τὴν ἀφ' ἱερᾶς ἀφῆκεν Plu. Cor.32

, cf. 1 Ep.Cor. 6.15 :—[voice] Pass.,

ἐς αἰθέρα δῖαν ἀέρθη Od.19.540

, cf. Il.8.74;

ὑψόσ' ἀερθείς Od.12.432

;

ἔμπνους ἀρθείς Antipho 2.1.9

;

φρυκτοὶ ᾔροντο Th.2.94

, cf. Aen. Tact.26.14; mount up, X.HG5.2.5; ἄνω ἀρθῆναι, of the sun, to be high in heaven, Hp.Aër.6; to be seized, snatched up, Ar.Ach. 565.

2 take up, in various uses: draw water, Ar.Ra. 1339; gather food, S.Ph. 707; pluckherbs, PMag.Par.1.287, al.

3 take up and carry or bring,

ἐκ βελέων Σαρπηδόνα δῖον ἀείρας Il.16.678

;

νόσφιν ἀειράσας 24.583

; ἄχθος ἀ. convey, of ships, Od.3.312; μῆλα ἐξ' Ιθάκης ἄειραν νηυσί carried them off, 21.18; μή μοι οἶνον ἄειρε bring me not wine, Il.6.264.

4 take up and bear, as a burden,

μόρον A.Pers. 547

;

ἆθλον S.Tr.80

;

ἄλγος A.R.4.65

.

b wear clothes, LXX 1 Ki.2.28, al.

5 of armies or fleets, τὰς ναῦς αἴ. get the ships under sail, Th.1.52; esp. intr., get under way, set out,

ἆραι τῷ στρατῷ Id.2.12

: abs., ib.23:—[voice] Pass.,

ἀερθῆναι Hdt.9.52

;

ἀερθέντες ἐκ.. 1.165

;

ἀ. εἰς.. 1.170

;

ἐφ' ἡμετέρᾳ γᾷ ἀρθείς S.Ant. 111

(lyr.); but ἀερθείς carried too far, Pi.N.7.75.

6 raise, levy,

λεκτὸν ἀροῦμεν στόλον A. Pers. 795

.

7 rear a child,

τοῖς τοκεῦσί σ' ἤειρα Herod.9.13

.

II raise up, exalt,

ἀπὸ σμικροῦ δ' ἂν ἄρειας μέγαν A.Ch. 262

, cf. 791; ὄλβον ὅν Δαρεῖος ἦρεν Id.Pers. 164:—esp. of pride and passion, exalt, excite, ὑψοῦ αἴ. θυμόν grow excited, S.OT 914; αἴ. θάρσος pluck up courage, E.IA 1598:—[voice] Pass., to be raised, increased,

ἡ δύναμις ᾔρετο Th.1.118

;

ᾔρετο τὸ ὕψος τοῦ τείχους μέγα Id.2.75

; ἤρθη μέγας rose to greatness, D.2.8;

οὐκ ἤρθη νοῦν ἐς ἀτασθαλίην Simon.111

; ἀρθῆναι φόβῳ, δείμασι, A.Th. 214, E.Hec.69: abs.,

ἀείρομαι S.Tr. 216

(lyr.), cf. Ar.Ec. 1180.

2 raise by words, hence, praise, extol, E.Heracl. 322, etc.; αἴ. λόγῳ to exaggerate, D.21.71.

III lift and take away, remove,

ἀπό με τιμᾶν ἦραν A.Eu. 847

;

τινὰ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Pl.R. 578e

; generally, take away, put an end to,

κακά E.El. 942

; τραπέζας αἴ. clear away dinner, Men.273;

ἀρθέντος τοῦ αἰτίου Arist.Pr. 920b11

; deny (opp. τίθημι posit), S.E.P.1.10; Delph. and [dialect] Locr. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. part. ἀρμένος cancelled, null and void,

ὠνὰ ἀ. καὶ ἄκυρος GDI1746

(Delph.);

ἀτελὴς καὶ ἀ. IG9(1).374

([place name] Naupactus).

2 make away with, destroy, Ev.Matt.24.39;

ἆρον, ἆρον

away with him!

Ev.Jo.19.15

; ἐκ τῶν ζώντων αἴ. Tab.Defix.Aud.1.18.

IV [voice] Med., lift, take up for oneself or what is one's own, [

πέπλων] ἕν' ἀειραμένη Il.6.293

; hence, carry off, win,

πάντας ἀειράμενος πελέκεας 23.856

;

ἄρατο νίκαν B.2.5

;

ἠρμένοι νίκην Str.3.2.13

.

2 ὄγκον ἄρασθαι to be puffed up, S.Aj. 129;

θαυμαστὸν ὄγκον ἀράμενοι τοῦ μύθου Pl.Plt. 277b

.

3 raise, lift,

τύπωμα ἠρμένοι χεροῖν S.El.54

; κανοῦν αἴ. Ar.Av. 850;

βοῦς IG22.1028.28

, cf. Thphr.Char.27.5; ῥόθιον raise a surging cheer, Ar.Eq. 546;

Σαμόσατα ἀράμενος μετέθηκεν Luc.Hist.Conscr.24

; ἀείρεσθαι τὰ ἱστία hoist sail, Hdt.8.56, cf. 94.

4 raise, stir up,

νεῖκος ἀειράμενος Thgn.90

, cf. E.Heracl. 986, 991; begin, undertake,

πόλεμον A.

Supp..342, Hdt.7.132, Th.4.60, D.5.5 ([voice] Pass.,

πόλεμος αἴρεται Ar.Av. 1188

);

κίνδυνον Antipho 5.63

; φυγὴν αἴρεσθαι take to flight, A.Pers. 481, E.Rh.54.

5 take upon oneself, undergo,

πόνον S.Ant. 907

;

πένθος Id.OT 1225

;

βάρος E.Cyc. 473

.

6 abs., βαρὺς ἀ. slow to undertake anything, Hdt.4.150.

7 take away, remove, E.IT 1201; hence, kill or destroy, D.H.4.4, J.AJ19.1.3;

πόλιν D.H.6.23

.

V [voice] Pass., to be suspended, hang, [

μάχαιρα] πὰρ ξίφεος μέγα κουλεὸν αἰὲν ἄωρτο Il.3.272

, 19.253.

2 Medic., to be swollen, [

σπλὴν] ἀερθείς Hp.Mul.1.61

; μαζοὶ ἀείρονται ib.2.174.

φρον-έω, [dialect] Ep. subj.

A

φρονέῃσι Od.7.75

: [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

φρόνεον Il.17.286

,

φρονέεσκον A.R.4.1164

: [tense] fut.

- ήσω Ar.Ec. 630

(anap.), etc.: [tense] aor.

ἐφρόνησα Hdt.1.60

, A.Eu. 115, etc.: [tense] pf.

πεφρόνηκα Emp.103.1

, Isoc.5.124, D.S.18.66:—[voice] Pass., Arist.Xen. 980a9; imper. φρονείσθω v.l. for φρονεῖτε in Ep.Phil.2.5:—to be minded, either of reflection or of purpose: hence,

I have understanding, be wise, prudent, rare in Hom., ἄριστοι.. μάχεσθαί τε φρονέειν τε best both in battle and counsel, Il. 6.79: but freq. in Trag. and [dialect] Att., [

Ζῆνα] τὸν φρονεῖν βροτοὺς ὁδώσαντα A.Ag. 176

(lyr.);

φρονούντως πρὸς φρονοῦντας ἐννέπεις Id.Supp. 204

, cf. 176;

φρονεῖν γὰρ οἱ ταχεῖς οὐκ ἀσφαλεῖς S.OT 617

;

φρονεῖν οἶδεν μόνη Id.Tr. 313

; λίαν φ. to be over-wise, E.IA 924;

φ. πλέον Pl.Hp.Mi. 371a

;

τὸ φρονεῖν

understanding, prudence,

S.Ant. 1347

(anap.), 1353 (anap.);

κράτιστοι φρονεῖν Antipho 2.1.1

;

καὶ φ. καὶ συμπράττειν X.Cyr.5.5.44

;

εἰδέναι καὶ φ. Pl.Alc.1.133c

;

τὸ φ. καὶ τὸ νοεῖν Id.Phlb. 11b

;

λέγειν τε καὶ φ. Id.Phdr. 266b

, cf. Isoc.4.50;

τῷ φρονεῖν τε καὶ σωφρονεῖν Pl.Lg. 712a

; τὸ μὴ φρονοῦν, of an infant, A.Ch. 753;

ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα ἤρχετο φ. Is.9.20

;

ἡ φρονοῦσα ἡλικία Aeschin.1.139

: Com. of fish,

ἰχθῦς φρονοῦντας

full-grown,

Ephipp.21.3

;

ζῷον λογικὸν καὶ φρονοῦν Phld.Piet.15

: c. acc., φρονῆσαι τὰ κυριώτατα to be wise in respect of the most important matters, Id.Rh.2.35S.

2 with Advbs., εὖ φρονεῖν think rightly,

περί τινος Hdt.2.16

; to be sane (cf. infr. IV), E.Ba. 851, Ar.Nu. 817, Lys.19.41, etc.;

κέρδιστον εὖ φρονοῦντα μὴ φρονεῖν δοκεῖν A.Pr. 387

;

οἱ φρονοῦντες εὖ κρατοῦσι πανταχοῦ S.Aj. 1252

, cf. El. 394, E.Or.99, al. (but εὖ φρ., also, to be well disposed, v. infr. 11.2); κακῶς, καλῶς φ., Od.18.168, S.OT 600, Ant. 557;

ὀρθῶς φ. And.2.23

;

ὀρθῶς φ. πρός τι A.Pr. 1000

; μῶρα, πλάγια φ., S.Aj. 594, E.IA 332 (troch.).

3 think, Heraclit.113, Parm.16.3, Emp.108.2, cf. Arist.de.An.427a19; ὡς.., ὅτι .., S.Ant.49, OC 872;

φρόνει νιν ὡς ἥξοντα Id.Tr. 289

; mean,

ἄλλα φ. καὶ ἄλλα λέγειν Hdt. 9.54

;

ἕτερα μὲν λέγων, ἕτερα δὲ φρονῶν Din.1.47

;

ὁ μὴ λέγων ἃ φρονεῖ D.18.282

, cf.19.224.

4 feel by experience, know full well,

σοὶ μὲν δοκεῖν ταῦτ' ἔστ', ἐμοὶ δ' ἄγαν φρονεῖν S.Aj. 942

, cf. OC 1741 (lyr.); πειρώμενος ὅ τι φρονέοιεν [τὰ μαντήϊα] to test the knowledge of the oracles, Hdt.1.46.

II to be fain that.., c. acc. et inf., Il.3.98: c. inf., to be minded to do, 9.608, 17.286; without inf., οἱ δ' ἰθὺς φρόνεον [ἰέναι] were minded to go right on ward, 13.135, cf. 12.124; ᾗπερ δὴ φρονέω [τελέσαι] 9.310;

φρονῶν ἔπρασσον

of set purpose,

S.OC 271

: in Prose, mean, intend, τοῦτο φρονεῖ ἡμῶν ἡ.. ἀγωγή this is what your bringing us here means, Th.5.85.

2 freq. with neut. Adj.,

a φ. τινί τινα to have certain thoughts for or towards any one, to be so and so minded towards him, πατρὶ φίλα φρονέων kindly minded towards him, Il.4.219, cf. Od.6.313, etc.;

κακὰ φρονέουσι.. ἀλλήλοισιν Il.22.264

;

τῷ ὀλοὰ φρονέων 16.701

;

μαλακὰ φ. ἐσλοῖς Pi.N.4.95

;

πιστά τινι Id.O.3.17

;

φρονοῦντας ἄριστα αὐτοῖς Ar.Pl. 577

(anap.): with Advbs., εὖ φρονεῖν τισι (cf. supr. 1.2) Od.7.74, cf. A.Ag. 1436, etc.; φρονεῖς εὖ τοῖς ἠγγελμένοις you rejoice at them, Id.Ch. 774; also

εἰς ὑμᾶς εὖ φ. And.2.4

;

τισὶ καλῶς φ. SIG527.38

(Crete, iii B. C.);

τοιαῦτα περί τινος φ. Isoc.3.60

: to be minded so and so, think or purpose such and such things,

ἀγαθὰ φ. Il.6.162

, Od.1.43; φίλα φ. ib. 307;

κακά 17.596

;

τὰ φρονέεις ἅ τ' ἐγώ περ Il.4.361

; κρυπτάδια φ. to have secret purposes, 1.542; ἀταλὰ φ. to be gaily disposed, 18.567, Hes.Th. 989; πυκινὰ φ. have wise thoughts, be cunningly minded, Od.9.445; ἐφημέρια φ. think only of the passing day, 21.85;

θεοῖσιν ἶσα φ. Il.5.441

;

θνητὰ φ. S.Fr. 590

(anap.), E.Alc. 799;

ἀθάνατα Pl.Ti. 90c

;

οὐ κατ' ἄνθρωπον φ. A.Th. 425

, S.Aj. 777;

ἐπὶ ταῖς εὐτυχίαις ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον φ. X.Cyr.8.7.3

;

μηδὲν ὑπὲρ τὴν πήραν φ. Luc. Tim.57

: also

καίρια φ. S.El. 228

(lyr.);

σώφρονα Id.Fr.64

;

οὐ τὰ ἄριστα φ. Th.2.22

;

ἡ πόλις χεῖρον φ. Isoc.8.126

; τυραννικὰ φ. to have tyranny in mind, Ar.V. 507 (troch.); ἀρχαιϊκὰ φ. to have old-fashioned notions, Id.Nu. 821; τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς φ., Ev.Matt.16.23, Ep.Rom.8.5; also οὐ παρδάλιος τόσσον μένος ὅσσον Πάνθου υἷες φρονέουσιν the panther's courage is not so great as is the spirit of the sons of Panthus, Il.17.23.

b esp. freq. in the phrase μέγα φρονεῖν to be high-minded, have high thoughts, to be high-spirited, Il.11.296, 13.156; of lions and boars, 16.758, 11.325, cf. X.Cyr.7.5.62;

φρονεῖ γὰρ ὡς γυνὴ μέγα S.OT 1078

, cf. Lys.2.48, Isoc.4.132; in [dialect] Att., freq. in bad sense, to be presumptuous, ἐφ' ἑαυτῷ, ἑαυτοῖς μέγα φ., Th.6.16, X.HG7.1.27 (also

μεγάλα φ. Ar.Ach. 988

; φ. ἐφ' αὑτῷ τηλικοῦτον ἡλίκον εἰκός .. D.21.62): with [comp] Comp., μεῖζον φ. to have over-high thoughts, X.An.5.6.8 (but simply, pluck up courage,

ἐπὶ τῷ γεγενημένῳ Id.HG3.5.21

);

φ. μεῖζον ἢ κατ' ἄνδρα S.Ant. 768

;

μεῖζον τοῦ δέοντος Isoc.7.7

, cf. 6.34: rarely in pl.,

μείζω τῆς δίκης φ. E.Heracl. 933

; with [comp] Sup.,

οἱ μέγιστον φρονοῦντες Pl.Phdr. 257e

;

ἐφ' ἱππικῇ X.Ages.2.5

; also

μάλιστα φ. ἐπί τινι D.28.2

;

ἐπὶ τοῖς προγόνοις οὐ μεῖον φ. X.Eq.Mag.7.3

, cf. Ap.24; take pride in,

ἐπὶ παιδεύσει μέγα φρονοῦντες Pl.Prt. 342d

;

φ. ἐπὶ τῇ ὥρᾳ θαυμάσιον ὅσον Id.Smp. 217a

; also

φ. εἰς ἡμᾶς μέγα E.Hipp.6

;

περὶ τὸ γράφειν λόγους Aeschin.2.125

; μέγα φ. ὅτι .. X.Cyr.2.3.13;

μέγα φ. ὡς εὖ ἐρῶν Pl.Smp. 198d

; μέγα φ. μὴ ὑπείξειν haughty in their resolution not to.., X.HG5.4.45: later φ. alone, = μέγα φ., φρονήσας ἐφ' αὑτῷ Paus. 1.12.5;

διὰ τὸν πατέρα ἀξιώματι προέχοντα Id.4.1.2

: opp. σμικρὸν φ. to be poor-spirited, S.Aj. 1120;

μικρὸν φ. Isoc.4.151

;

μικρὸν καὶ ταπεινὸν φ. D.13.25

, etc.; ἧσσον, ἔλασσον φ. τινος, E.Andr. 313, Ph. 1128;

φ. ἔλαττον ἢ πρότερον Isoc.12.47

, etc.;

οὐ σμικρὸν φ. ἐς τὰς Ἀθήνας E.Heracl. 386

: also

μετριώτερον πρὸς ἡμᾶς φ. X.Cyr.4.3.7

.

c of those who agree in opinion, τά τινος φρονεῖν to be of another's mind, be on his side or of his party, Hdt.2.162, etc.;

τὰ σὰ φ. Id.7.102

;

εὖ φ. τὰ σά S.Aj. 491

;

φ. τὰ Βρασίδον Ar. Pax 640

(troch.), cf. D.18.161; also ἶσον ἐμοὶ φρονέουσα thinking like me, Il.15.50, cf. S.Ant. 374 (lyr.); τὠυτὸ or κατὰ τὠυτὸ φ. to be like -minded, make common cuase, Hdt.1.60, 5.3;

ἐμοὶ φ. ξυνῳδά Ar.Av. 635

(lyr.): opp. ἀμφὶς φ. think differently, Il.13.345; ἄλλῃ φ. think another way, h.Ap. 469.

III comprehend,

γιγνώσκω, φρονέω Od.16.136

, al.: more freq. c. acc., to be well aware of.., τὰ φρονέουσ' ἀνὰ θυμόν, ἃ .. 2.116; οὐκ ὄπιδα φρονέοντες ἐνὶ φρεσίν paying no heed to it, 14.82; φ. τὴν ἡμέραν pay regard to it, Ep.Rom.14.6; consider, ponder, Il.2.36, 18.4, al.

IV to be in possession of one's senses, sts. almost = ζῆν, to be sensible, be alive, ἐμὲ τὸν δύστηνον ἔτι φρονέοντ' ἐλέησον, for ἔτι ζῶντα, Il.22.59;

θανόντι δ', οὐ φρονοῦντι, δειλαία χάρις ἐπέμπετο A.Ch. 517

;

ἐν τῷ φ. γὰρ μηδὲν ἥδιστος βίος S.Aj. 554

;

μηδὲ ζῆν.., μηδὲ φρονεῖν Pl.Sph. 249a

; but also, to be in one's senses or right wits, φρονοῦντα, opp. μεμηνότα, S.Aj.82, cf. 344;

ἔξω ἐλαύνειν τινὰ τοῦ φρονεῖν E.Ba. 853

;

φρονεῖς ὀρθὰ κοὐ μαίνῃ Id.Med. 1129

;

ἐξεστηκὼς τοῦ φρονεῖν Isoc.5.18

;

τὰ φαλάγγια τοῦ φ. ἐξίστησι X. Mem.1.3.12

;

οὐκ ἂν παρείμην οἷσι μὴ δοκῶ φρονεῖν S.OC 1666

;

ἐγὼ νῦν φρονῶ τότ' οὐ φρονῶν E.Med. 1329

; φρονῶν οὐδὲν φρονεῖς though in thy wits thou'rt nothing wise, Id.Ba. 332 (for εὖ φ. v. supr.1.2);

ὁρώντων, φρονούντων, βλεπόντων ὑμῶν Aeschin.3.94

: ζῶν καὶ φρονῶν alive and in his right mind, freq. in Inscrr., IGRom.1.804 ([place name] Perinthus), etc.; ζῶν καὶ φρενῶν (sic) Jahresh.23 Beibl. 206 (ibid.), Rev.Arch.21 (1925).240 ([place name] Callatis);

νοῶν καὶ φρονῶν Test.Epict.1.2

, PPetr.3p.4 (iii B.C.).

ἄκρον, ον, τό, (neut. of ἄκρος)

A like ἄκρα, highest or farthest point:

1 mountain top, peak,

Γάργαρον ἄκρον Ἴδης Il.14.292

;

ἄκρον ὑπερβαλέειν Od.11.597

; τὰ ἄκρα heights, Hdt.6.100, Pl.Criti. 110e, etc.

b ἄκρα νάων ships' tops, Alc.Supp.12.9.

2 headland, cape,

Σούνιον ἄκρον Ἀθηνέων Od.3.278

.

3 end, extremity, τὰ ἄ. τῆς θαλάσσης, [τοῦἀέρος], Pl.Phd. 109d, 109e; ἄκρα χειρῶν hands, Luc. Im.6; ἐξ ἄκρων at the end, Ar.Fr.29;

ἐξ ἄκρου Com.Adesp.398

;

ἐπ' ἄκροις Pl.Sph. 220d

:—border, frontier, Plb.1.42.2.

II metaph., highest pitch, height,

πανδοξίας ἄκρον Pi.N.1.11

; εἰς ἄκρον ἀνδρείας ἱκέσθαι to highest pitch, Simon.58; εἰς ἄκρον ἁδύς exceedingly, Theoc. 14.61; ἐπ' ἄκρον ἀφικέσθαι, ἐλθεῖν, Pl.Plt. 268e, Ti. 20a;

πρὸς ἄκρῳ γενέσθαι Id.Phdr. 247b

;

ἄκρον ἔχων σοφίης Epigr.Gr.442

([place name] Nabataea);

ἄκρον ἐρώτων εἰδότος, ἄκρα μάχας AP7.448

(Leon.):—ἄκρα, τά, heights, highest point, οὔτοι ποθ' ἥξει (sic)

τῶν ἄκρων ἄνευ πόνου S.Fr. 397

; ἄκρα φέρεσθαι win prize, Theoc.12.31;

ἄκρα φέρουσ' ἀρετῆς ὑμῖν Epigr.Gr. 224.2

([place name] Samos).

2 of persons, Ἄργεος ἄκρα Πελασγοί pride of Argos, Theoc.15.142.

III δρυὸς ἄκρα, = ἀκρόδρυα, ib. 112.

IV in Logic of Arist. τὰ ἄκρα are major and minor terms of syllogism, opp. to μέσον or middle, APr. 25b36, al.

V extremes in a proportion, Id.EN 1133b2.

ἐπαγλᾰΐζω,

A honour, grace,

δῆμον ὠφελίαισι βίου Ar.Ec. 575

, cf. Fr. 682;

ὃν σοφίας μῦθος ἐ. IG12(9).954.7

([place name] Chalcis), cf. 7.2532 ([place name] Thebes).

II [voice] Med., pride oneself on a thing, glory or exult in it, οὐδέ ἕ φημι δηρὸν ἐπαγλαϊεῖσθαι ([tense] fut. inf.) Il.18.133.

2 [voice] Pass.,

ἐπηγλαϊς μέναι.. τράπεζαι

dressed out,

Cratin.301

.

⁺ V 28-27-76-63-42=236 Gn 19,9; 49,24; Ex 9,25; 12,10.46

A: to crush, to break (in pieces) [τι] Ex 9,25; to break through (a door) [τι] Gn 19,9; to beat to a pulp, to annihilate (enemies) [τινα] Ex 15,7; to tear (an anim.) [τινα] 1 Kgs 13,28; to shatter, to crush [τι] (metaph.) Lv 26,19

P: to be broken 1 Sm 4,18; to get wounded Ex 22,9; to be wrecked (of ships) 2 Chr 20,37; to be bruised

Zech 11,16

συντετριμμένον with broken members Lv 22,22; κύριος συντρίβων πολέμους the Lord is someone who makes an end to war Ex 15,3

*Gn 49,24 συνετρίβη which are broken-ברשׁת for MT בשׁת she abides; *2 Kgs 23,15 καὶ συνέτριψεν he broke in pieces-ברשׁוי for MT רףשׂוי and he burned; *Jer 13,17 συνετρίβη it is broken, it is bruised-ברשׁנ for MT בהשׁנ it is taken captive; *Jer 23,9 (ἀνὴρ) συντετριμμένος

Cf. HARL 1986b=1992a 94; LE BOULLUEC 1989, 172; WEVERS 1990, 228; →TWNT

-ους ⁺ τό N 3 10-35-33-25-25=128 Gn 6,15; Ex 25,10.23; 27,1.14

exaltation 2 Chr 32,26; majesty Is 35,2; haughtiness Is 10,12 (τὰ) ὕψη (the) heights Jgs 5,18

ἐξ ὕψους from above 2 Sm 22,17; ἀδικίαν εἰς τὸ ὕψος ἐλάλησαν they have uttered unrighteousness loftily Ps 72(73),8; ἐν τῷ ὕψει τῶν ἡμερῶν μου at the height of my days, in my best years Is 38,10

*Is 38,10 ἐν τῷ ὕψει in the summit (of age)-רום/ב? for MT דמי/ב in the silence?; *Jer 6,2 τὸ ὕψος the exaltation, the pride-רום for MT דמיתי I have likened?; *Ez 43,13 τὸ ὕψος the height-גבה for MT גב mound?; *Am 5,7 εἰς ὕψος on a high level-למעלה? for MT ללענה to wormwood

Cf. DANIEL, S. 1966 35-37.50-52; →NIDNTT; TWNT

γάνος (A) [ᾰ], εος, τό, ( γαίω, cf. γάνυμαι)

A brightness, sheen, Sapph.127 (?), Supp.9.2.

2 gladness, joy, pride,

λάφυρα.. ἀρχαῖον γάνος A.Ag. 579

.

3 of water and wine, from their quickening and refreshing qualities, χαίρουσαν οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἢ διοσδότῳ γάνει σπορητός (Pors. for Διὸς νότῳ γᾶν ει), i.e. rain, ib. 1392;

κρηναῖον γ. Id.Pers. 483

; γ. ἀμπέλου, βότρυος, ib. 615, E.Ba. 261, 383 (lyr.); also of honey,

γ. μελίσσης Id.IT 634

: abs., water, Lyc.1365;

Ἀσωποῦ γ. E.Supp. 1150

(lyr.).

4 of a divine being,

παγκρατὲς γ. Hymn.Curet.3

.

------------------------------------

γάνος (B)· παράδεισος (Cypr.), EM223.48, cf. γάνεα; dub. in

A Ber. Sächs.Gesellsch.1908.5 (Cypr.), IG12(2).58.17 ([place name] Mytilene). (Hebr. gan 'garden'.)

τᾰπεινός, ή, όν,

A low:

1 of Place, low-lying,

χώρη Hdt.4.191

, cf. Arist.Mete. 352b32 ([comp] Comp.);

νῆσος D.S.3.21

; ταπεινὰ νέμεσθαι to live in low regions, Pi.N.3.82;

τ. ἕζεσθαι E.Or. 1411

(lyr.);

ἡ μαῖα καθεζέσθω -οτέρα Sor.1.70a

, cf. 2.61; of stature or size, low,

ὀστᾶ X. Eq.1.4

; τροχοί ib.10.6; of position in the body,

τὰ τ. τοῦ θώρακος Gal.15.531

; of a river, low, opp. μέγας, Plb.9.43.3; of stars, low, i.e. near the horizon, Cleom.1.5, al.; but also, near the earth, Id.2.5; of the sun, opp. ὑψηλός, Diog.Oen.8; λοξὸς καὶ τ. Gal.15.87.

2 of persons, humbled, abased in power, pride, etc., Hdt.7.14; σὺ δ' οὐδέπω τ. A.Pr. 322, cf. 908;

τ. παρέχειν τινά X.An.2.5.13

;

τά τοι μέγιστα πολλάκις θεὸς ταπείν' ἔθηκε E.Fr. 716

, cf. Hec. 245, Andr. 979; submissive, X.Hier.5.4 ([comp] Comp.), etc.; αἱ τ. τῶν πόλεων small, poor, weak, Isoc.4.95, cf. 7.7, X.Cyr.7.5.69 ([comp] Sup.);

τ. δύναμις D.4.23

; of low intelligence,

αἱ τῶν ἀσυνέτων καὶ τ. ἀνθρώπων ψυχαί Gal. 19.220

;

τὴν μικρὰν καὶ τ. [ἰατρικὴν θεωρίαν] ὁ Ἱπποκράτης ηὔξησεν Id.16.550

. Adv., ταπεινῶς (or ταπεινὰ) πράττειν to be in low estate or obscurity, Isoc.5.64, Plu.Thes.6;

- νῶς ζῆν Philem.227

;

ὁμιλεῖν Arist.Pol. 1313b41

.

3 of the spirits, downcast, dejected,

διάνοια Th.2.61

;

τ. καὶ ἔρημοι συνεκάθηντο X.HG2.4.23

, cf. 6.4.16.

4 in moral sense, either bad, mean, base, abject,

τ. καὶ ἀνελεύθερος Pl.Lg. 791d

, cf. X.Mem.3.10.5, Isoc.2.34, etc.; or good, lowly, humble, Pl.Lg. 716a, X.Cyr.5.1.5, freq. in NT, Ev.Matt.11.29, 2 Ep.Cor.7.6, al.

5 of things, mean, low, poor,

τ. καὶ ἄπορος δίαιτα Pl.Lg. 762e

, cf. Phld. Oec.p.48 J.: [comp] Sup.,

- οτάτη περίστασις Id.Vit.p.26

J.; θεωρία -οτέρα, opp. τιμιωτέρα, Arist.PA 639a1; of style, low, poor, τ. λέξις, opp. κεκοσμημένη, Id.Rh. 1404b6. Adv., - νῶς λέγειν in a submissive manner, ib. 1408a19.

φῐλοτῑμ-έομαι, [tense] fut. ήσομαι Pl.Phdr. 234a, D.20.103; later,

A

- ηθήσομαι D.S.11.18

codd.: [tense] aor.

ἐφιλοτιμήθην X.Mem.2.9.3

, Pl.La. 182b, Isoc.4.44, Is.2.42; later,

ἐφιλοτιμησάμην Plb.20.8.2

, Ael.VH3.1 (written

ἐφιλοτειμήσετο Ephes.3

No.13): [tense] pf.

πεφιλοτίμημαι D.42.24

, Porph. ap. Stob.2.1.32:—[tense] pf. in pass. sense, Aristid.1.446 J.: ([etym.] φιλότιμος):— love or seek after honour, Pl.Alc.2.146a, Is. l. c., D.20.103, etc.: hence, to be ambitious, emulous, Ar.Ra. 281; φ. ὅτι .. to be jealous because.., X.An.1.4.7, Lys. 14.21; φ. πρὸς ἀλλήλους, πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους, vie emulously with, rival, Pl.Smp. 178e, Phdr. 234a, cf. Lys.29.14.

2 the object of ambition, etc., is mostly added with a Prep., φ. ἐπί τινι to place one's fame in a thing, glory or pride oneself upon it, Pl.R. 553d, X.Mem.2.6.12, Lys.14.42;

ἐπὶ τοῖς πεπραγμένοις Isoc.3.46

, al.;

ἔν τινι Pl.La. 182b

;

ὑπὲρ τῆς δόξης Isoc.8.93

; περὶ τῶν καλῶν contend in rivalry for, Plu.2.760c; περὶ τὴν θήραν, δεῖπνα, D.S.3.18, Plu.Phil.9;

ἀφ' ἑτέρων ἀρετῶν Id.2.819c

: c. neut. pron. in acc.,

πρὸς ἃ ἐγὼ φιλοτιμοῦμαι X.HG1.6.5

: c. acc. cogn.,

φ. φιλοτιμίας ἀκάρπους Plu.2.830e

;

τὴν ἀγαθὴν ἔριν J.BJ1.10.5

; φ. πρὸς τὴν πόλιν show patriotic zeal for.., Lycurg.140, cf. IG22.1176.26, etc.;

εἰς τὴν αὔξησιν D.S.1.50

, cf. 25, D.L.4.44, Aristid. l. c.

II c. inf., strive eagerly to do a thing, endeavour earnestly, aspire,

οἳ πάνυ ἂν φιλοτιμηθεῖεν φίλῳ σοι χρῆσθαι X.Mem.2.9.3

, cf. Oec.21.6, PPetr.3p.115 (iii B. C.), PCair.Zen.578.2(iii B. C.), etc.;

φιλοτιμούμενοι ἐπιδείκνυσθαιπρὸς ἅπαντας Pl.Phdr. 232a

: c. part.,

φ. ἐλέγχων Id.R. 336c

, cf. X.Eq.Mag. 9.6: c. acc. et inf., to be anxious that.., ib.1.25: c. acc.,

ἀεὶ ἕν γέ τι φιλοτιμούμενος Id.Oec.4.24

: with

ὅπως, καλῶς ἂν ποιήσαις φιλοτιμηθεὶς ὅπως ἂν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοδώρου λάβῃς τὰ ἐπιστόλια PCair.Zen.41.19

(iii B. C.), cf. PMich.Zen.6.3 (iii B. C.).

III c. dat. rei, present with a thing, χρήμασί τινας v. l. in Procop.Goth.1.5: but c. acc. rei, lavish upon,

τινί τι Aristaenet.1.1

;

πόλεμος.. νίκας ἀδίκους φ. Chor.35.71

p.410F.-R.

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 308ff).

① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)

ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).

ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).

② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen² 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.² 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.

③ a part of human personality, spirit

ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X⁷ 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.

ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).

ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.

④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).

ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).

ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.

ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.

⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.

ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.

ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.

ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).

β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.

ⓓ abs.

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).

β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.

ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.

ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.

ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.

α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.

β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.

γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).

δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.

⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).

ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.

ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).

ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.

ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.

ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.

ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.

⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.

⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen² 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines⁶ 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ὕψος, ους, τό (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr.; Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 119 ὕψ., πλάτος al.; Just., D. 39, 5; Mel., P. [edd. and mss. fluctuate in use of the pl. ὕψη or ὕψηλα]) ‘height’.

① extent or distance upward, height

ⓐ of dimension 1 Cl 49:4 (perh. sense b). W. other dimensions (τὸ μῆκος καὶ τὸ πλάτος) Rv 21:16. (πλάτος καὶ μῆκος καὶ βάθος) Eph 3:18 (βάθος 1).—Pl. ἀναφέρεσθαι εἰς τὰ ὕψη IEph 9:1.

ⓑ of locale height=high place (SibOr 8, 235), mostly= heaven (Ps 17:17 ἐξ ὕψους; 101:20; TestJob 15:1 τῶν ἐν ὕψει; Just., D. 39, 5; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Λαοδίκεια: ἀφʼ ὕψους ὁ θεός) Lk 1:78 (ἀνατολή 3); 24:49; Eph 4:8 (Ps 67:19). τὰ ὕψη τῶν οὐρανῶν 1 Cl 36:2 (Diod S 4, 7, 4 ὕψος οὐράνιον; Aesop, Fab. 397b H. τὰ οὐράνια ὕψη).—τὰ ἐν ὕψεσι as someth. different from τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς Dg 7:2 (opp. τὰ ἐν βάθεσι).

② a position of high status, high position (of rank Herodian 1, 13, 6; 1 Macc 1:40; 10:24.—Of degree: Pla., Ep. 7, 351e ὕψος ἀμαθίας the ‘height’ of ignorance; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6; Plut., Publ. 100 [6, 5]; Jos., Ant. 8, 126 ὕψος εὐδαιμονίας) Js 1:9 (opp. ταπεινός and ταπείνωσις as TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 21 [Stone p. 70]) τὸν ποιοῦντα ταπεινοὺς εἰς ὕψος who exalts the humble (unless εἰς ὕψ. means ‘upright’, as Apollod. [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 107d [=107e] Jac.) 1 Cl 59:3 (Job 5:11).

③ a lofty opinion of oneself, pride, arrogance (PsSol 17:6) D 5:1. ὕψος δυνάμεως arrogance in an influential position B 20:1.—JKühn, Υψος ’41.—DELG s.v. ὕψι. M-M. TW. Sv.